Leadership Patterns of Palestinian University Faculty Members in the Northern Governorates of the West Bank as Perceived by Faculty Members and Students PDF |
| Ahmed Mohammad Ahmad Al-Nairab |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Abed M. Assaf - |
| Discussion Commity |
| N/A |
| 147 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study sought to identify leadership patterns of Palestinian university faculty members in the northern governorates of the West Bank as perceived by faculty members themselves and students. It also investigated the role of sex, university, and academic level variables in these patterns. To these two ends, the researcher developed and administered a questionnaire to 1,931 faculty members and students. Of these, 1,666 were female and male students and 265were faculty members hailing from different Palestinian universities. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire was o.86 and 0.85 fro the faculty members. And students respectively. For the purposes of the study, they are considered acceptable. The researcher also used SPSS program for the testing of the hypotheses. Hypotheses of the study: 1- There are no statistically significant difference at (α= 0.05) among the means of leadership patterns of Palestinian university faculty members in the northern governorates of the West Bank as perceived by faculty members them selves and students which may be attributed to the sex of both faculty members and students. 2- There are no statistically significant difference at (α= 0.05) among the means of leadership patterns of Palestinian university faculty members in the northern governorates of the West Bank as perceived by faculty members them selves and students which may be attributed to academic level of both faculty members and students. 3- There are no statistically significant difference at (α= 0.05) among the means of leadership patterns of Palestinian university faculty members in the northern governorates of the West Bank as perceived by faculty members them selves and students which may be attributed to place of living university variable of both faculty members and students. Results: After data collection and analysis, it was found that the democratic pattern got an average estimation as opposed to low estimation for both loose and dictator sling patters. More specifically, the results revealed that there were no statistically significant differences in the total score of leadership patterns which might be due to sex variable of both male and female faculty members. However, there were clear differences among male and female faculty members in the democratic pattern in favor of male, loose pattern in favor of male, loose pattern in favor of meals and dictatorship pattern also in favor of females. Moreover, results revealed that there were no statistically significant difference in the democratic pattern due to the sex variable of male and female students. However, there were obvious difference among male and female students in the loose pattern, did atorship pattern and total score of leadership patterns. The significances less than 0.05 and it was in favor of male students. The results, however, showed that there were significant difference in the total score of patterns and domains of leadership due to the academic level of both faculty members and students. |
Sunday, January 31, 2010
Leadership Patterns of Palestinian University Faculty Members in the Northern Governorates of the West Bank as Perceived by Faculty Members and Studen
Poisoning Among Children at Jenin District
Poisoning Among Children at Jenin District PDF |
| Ahed Ghaleb Ahed Moh’d |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ansam Sawalha - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 1.Dr. Ansam Sawalha(Supervisor) - |
| 64 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Poisoning is any unwanted effect on human body that can result due to exposure to natural or synthetic substances. Poisoning is highly related to the public awareness and the correct handling of these poisoning substances. This study was conducted to spot the light on the poisoning problem, mainly among children with an overall objective was to decrease the morbidity and mortality rates of children due to poisoning through better understanding of the causes, symptoms, and management of poisoning cases. The study was conducted on poisoning cases that were presented to the emergency room of Jenin Governmental Hospital and admitted to the pediatric unit during the period of January 2000 to August 2002. A total of 127 poisoning cases, up to 14 years old, were presented to Jenin Hospital during the study period. The results showed that the majority of cases were presented with mild to moderate poisoning symptoms, 74% of the cases aged from 1-5 years old, predominantly male. Most of the poisoning cases (85%) occurred at home and resulted from oral poisoning and with symptoms of digestive system poisoning. The majority of the poisoned cases were due to chemical products including pesticides and petroleum materials mainly kerosene. Our findings strongly indicate a lack of public awareness about handling of chemical materials (storage, labeling and first aid in case of poisoning). Carelessness and lack of parental knowledge might be one of the main factors that led to most of the poisoning cases, house was not calming oases in Palestine. Therefore, childproofing home and educational programs from the Ministry of Health and other Non-Governmental-Organizations could be the most effective prevention methods to decrease morbidity and mortality from accidental poisoning in children. In addition, the establishment of poison control center may have an essential role in controlling the poisoning problem. |
The Views of the Islamic Sharia in the Missing person
The Views of the Islamic Sharia in the Missing person PDF |
| Yusuf Atta Mohamed hellw |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Marwan Al-Qadumi - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 209 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study studied in the Introductory chapter the definition of the missing person, the types of the missing person. It types of the missing person. It also made a contrast between the missing and the absent person. In chapter one, the study investigated when the judge decides that the missing person has died depending on the type of his absence. In the second chapter, the study deals with the views which are related to the missing person's wife. The study also shows that the wife should wait four years before she can marry another man. It also shows that the wife can ask to be divorced from the missing person because he can not pay her expenses. In the third chapter, the study explains the views which are related to the property of the missing person. It also shows that this property should continue belonging to the missing person. Moreover, it shows that the judge should appoint an agent to look after this property. In the fourth chapter, the study explains the views which concern the missing person's portion in inheritance. It also shows that this portion should be entailed till the judge knows that the missing is alive or dead. If the judge becomes sure that the missing person is dead, this portion will be given to the heirs of the missing person's testator. In the fifth chapter, the study investigated the views which are related to the missing person's property and wife if the returns back. The study shows that he can recover what remained from his property and he can also regain his wife. However, if he finds his wife has married another man, he can recover the dower. |
Muhareb Theeb
Muhareb Theeb PDF |
| Lutfi Hassan Mohammad Marshoud |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ehsan Al-Deek - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 300 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract The study attempts to shed some light on the Palestinian folkloric poetry which is currently being considered as one of the pillars of the Palestinian resistance. It aims at deepening the nation's roots in the homeland of our ancestors and reemphasizing our link with national heritage which our enemies try their best to obliterate and distort. In fact, the study touches a topic of deep concern to the Palestinian people. This concern has always been felt by the poet Muhareb Theeb who has used his tongue and the string of his rababah to chant purely Palestinian tunes in the homeland, exile and Diaspora. Therefore, writing down this verbal heritage is a national responsibility that must be taken by individuals, groups and establishments. The present study is introduced to fill in a gap and root one of the adobes of our folkloric heritage. Despite his popularity and productivity, Muhareb Theeb's works have not yet been studied or even documented by any researcher. Basically, the study attempts to highlight Muhareb Theeb's role in promoting the Palestinian folkloric literature through answering the following questions: · What's Muhareb Theeb's rank? What is his position? · To what extent is his rank consistent with his position? · |
Meaningful and Syntactic Study Of Surat Al-Isra’
Meaningful and Syntactic Study Of Surat Al-Isra’ PDF |
| Majde Ma’zouz Ahmad Hussein |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Ahmad Hasan Hamid - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 223 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This thesis deals with the study of Surat Al-Isra’ on two levels: syntactic and semantic levels. It aims at highlighting the syntactic patterns of the sentence in Surat Al-Isra’ and studying some of the linguistic aspects meaningfully. The first level of the study didn’t exceed the descriptive limits of the syntax. The researcher noticed that the sentence took several forms in Surat Al-Isra’. He highlighted the number of the repetitions for each form so as to reveal those patterns which are frequently used in Surat Al- Isra’ and those rarely used. Meanwhile, the other level of the study dealt with a number of syntactic problems meaningfully after displaying the problems through connecting them with the ancient and modern grammarians and linguists and comparing those opinions to conclude a clear explanation for those problems. The study arrived at the wondrous nature of the Noble Qur’an in its display of the problems and aims of the Law of Islam. Also, the syntax is not just an apparent or external structure but it came out through the meaning inside the soul that led to that structure. The most important conclusions of this study are: 1. The modern and the ancient scholars paid attention to Surat Al-Isra’. 2. Arabic Language is the one language that is able to express in its wonderful methodology with great aims. This is what makes it a wondrous language. 3. The predicate clause was used more than the stylistic clause in Surat Al-Isra’. 4. The diversity of the style in its both parts the requested and the non-requested achieved varied rhetorical meanings according to the stylistic text in which they appear. 5. The syntactic structure revealed how much the harmony was among the meanings of the predicate and the composition in the text. This harmony led to the wondrous nature of the Qur’an. 6. The study of syntax in the verses showed that the adjectives appeared in the different images, and so did the conjunctive. But the opposition didn’t appear except in the identical form. 7. The Qur’anic expression about time in all its directions was with great wondrous nature. The forms which were shown in this study, revealed clearly the ability of the Arabic language in expressing time in all its minute details that makes the events and verbs take place. Most of the time meanings of the verbs appeared in agreement to the use of these verbs whether in its morphological or in its syntactic text with the help of the verbal and abstract context. 8. The style of omission made a syntactic and obvious aspect in which the Qur’an aimed at brevity. This style varied. Sometimes the letter was omitted. In other places the verb or the noun was omitted. This omission led to the variety of the meanings that comes out from this omission. 9. The meanings of moving forward and backward were harmonious in their context. These meanings led to rhetorical meanings as care and capitalization. This aspect was varied to include moving forward of the predicate, subject and object. |
The Judicial Impugn in Income Tax Disputes in Palestine
The Judicial Impugn in Income Tax Disputes in Palestine PDF |
| Raja Ahmad Mohammad Khwailed |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr.Mohammad Sharakah - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 214 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Because of the importance of judicial impugn in taxes disputes among other tax issues, it represent a guarantee for appellant and because it suffered a lot during the occupation period it became as anew subject in the Palestinian taxes system because of the lack of experience in judicial impugn at different levels, weither by judicial system, taxes system or appetents or lawers Add to that a group of legal principles in tax subjects that been accepted by court decisions which contributes in putting these principles. Because the court of appeal in tax cases was inactive during occupation, the judicial impugn in tax disputes did not perform its role. For that reason a lot of impugn sentences are still mysterious and not clear for different parties, they need a lot of study and investigation to reveal that confusion. Judges, lawers, appellants and tax departments cooperated to narrow the gap resulted from setting aside judicial impugn to enable them to cope with the developments that took place in income tax disputes. The Palestinian lawyer still face many obstacles in dealing tax courts, these difficulties differ from one appellant to another. Because the Palestinian authority was the dream for many. It is still hard for many people to sue this authority in front of courts, for some, the reason for not impugning is the lack of trust in judicial system, they feel that the system will not be fair in dealing with tax system. There are other reasons for not impugn in courts concerning income tax disputes. I talked about that in details to acheive that following goals: - To show the importance of judicial impugn in income tax disputes and to state its goals. - To help the Palestinian legislator in determining the suitable court that will deal with such disputes. - To identify the procedures of judicial impugn in income tax disputes. - to concentrate on the legal principles that were approved by the Jordanian courts concerning judicial impugn which will act as a lighthouse in guiding the Palestinian judge and legislator. - To identify the problems and difficulties that face the judicial impugn procedures to enable the responsible departments to deal with such cases. - To enrich the research and to acheive the scientific and practical goals, the researcher reviewed come of the references in which he depended on legal lawes especially the Jordanian tax law number 25 far 1964 and court judgments. The researcher dealt with the subject as follows Introduction: in which the importance of taxes was clarified, then, the importance of judicial impugn in income tax disputes, which is considered as a guarantee for appellant. Introductory chapter, the researcher talked a bout the development of judicial impugn in Jordan, Egypt and Palestine since the issue of the first tax income law in these countries. First chapter: it talks a bout the importance of judicial impugn, the objective and procedures of impugn, in the second part, the characteristics of judicial impugn and the specialized court and law were clarified. Chapter tow talked a bout judicial applications in tax disputes First, it talked a bout court of appeal in income tax cases. It talked a bout the structure, authority and decision of these courts and the appealable decisions, the second part talked a bout the most important problems that face judicial impugn in taxes disputes such as un uniformity of legislations, weakness of judicial system. lac of Palestinian income tax law. And other obstacles. After talking about the previous subjects, the researcher reached some results and recommendations that he hope to help the Palestinian judge and legislator and lawer. Recommendations: 1. Unify the legislations concerning taxes in west bank and Gaza 2. Pass the Palestinian tax law that cope with the developments and take into consideration the judgments related to judicial impugn. - Make the administrative impugn one phase. I.e. the committee can make decisions. - Give the authority to court of appeal to deal with judicial impugn in tax disputes. - The decision of the minister or the judge can be reviewed for impugn by the specialized court. 3. Cancel all the Israeli military orders and replace it with Palestinian Lawes that suite the Palestinian situation. 4. Eliminate the occupation heritage and make the impugn decision objective as possible. 5. Activate the judicial system and emphasize it independence in dealing with all the cases. 6. Activate the tax judicial impugn in tax disputes through passing specialized lawes that regulates the judicial authority and provide the needed guarantees to apply law. 7. Provide the needed number of judges to suite the number of cases in courts. 8. prepare Specialized judges to deal with tax disputes through training and rehabilitation to qualify there with the needed experience to deal with tax issues. 9. Create different kinds of courts to deal with the big number of cases. 10. Raise the awareness concerning taxes among Palestinian lewers and build up trust among the tax administration. 11. Provide a number of legal specialized people to working tax departments. 12. Rehabilitate the tax personnel through training that aim to introduce the legal issues and explain tax law. 13. Equip the tax departments with what they need to carry out the work. 14. Create an information unit in tax system that deals with judicial impugn. 15. The tax administration must holds workshops and seminars to explain tax law and income tax law and to clarify the role of lawers and personnel. 16. Rehabilitate lawers in the field of taxes through training courses. |
Existing Situation and Trends of Physical Development
Existing Situation and Trends of Physical Development PDF |
| Hasan Aref Hasan Yaseen |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ali Abdel Hamid - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 165 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study has tackled with Selat Al - Haretheya town in Jenin governorate. Its objective was to studying the physical problems the town is suffering from and the related economical, social and environmental factors, then, studying the available possibilities and chances that could be done to overcome such problems and their reasons, then the development of the town physically, economically and socially. The importance of this study lies in the so urgent need for studying the present situation of the town and limiting its developmental trends and physical planning to keep up with the natural population increase and dealing with the problems and hindrances which are facing the town. The most important of these are environmental problems resulting from the misdistribution and the overlapping of land uses. The importance of this study also lies in dealing with the aspect of beauty of the town, as well as dealing with the enlarging of roads, the elimination of the unstable, deserted buildings and organizing buildings in areas where enlargement is proposed, so that the town and its buildings will enjoy the specifications of strength, organization and beauty. The methodology of this study is based on three axes: 1. Axis one: It’s dealt with the theoretical background through study and revising concepts and theoretical bases about development and physical planning of demographic congregations. 2. Axis two: It’s dealt with the present situation and the geographical, social, economical and physical specifications of the area of study. 3. Analysis and evaluation axis: It was tackled with the analysis of both strength and weakness elements and offered possibilities as well as threat elements the physical planning and the development process of the town facing. Then, some solutions, suggestions which specify the future development trends have been set. They’ll help to overcome the present problems and hindrances. The methodology of the research has been presented in the inclusive, physical field survey of the town through which the present problems have been recognized as well as eliciting reasons and the formatives of these problems, studying and counting the available possibilities to set solutions such as the available area and the possibility of enlarging it, the topography and its fitness for different schemes as well as the different available resources and the possibility of employing them to reach the hoped results . The study has come to a number of results the most important of which are: 1. The closeness of the structural plan and the urgent need to enlarge it so that it’ll be possible to do planning and development acts with out restrictions imposed by the closeness of the area and the unfitness of the place. 2. The absence of law forms a true hindrance infront of any planning process or development even if material possibilities, cadres and efficiencies are available. 3. The town suffers from the shortage of education, health and infrastructure services. 4. The town enjoys a number of points of strength, chances and possibilities, if well – used, they’ll contribute to the solving of many problems, and exceeding a number of complications and the effect the points of weakness and threatening elements. Based on the results the study has reached many matters have been recommended the most important of which are the following: 1. Enlarging the structural plan of the town by the concerned authorities to enlarge buildings, public services so naturally without bothering about threats of destroying such buildings, and also to have so organized enlargement not effected by the lack of available area. 2. The removing of the destroyed buildings in all outskirts and changing their areas into yards, playgrounds and green places. 3. Building more schools and classes to keep up with the ever – increasing numbers of students. The request of constructing high chimneys to reduce the dangers of pollution, if an industrial zone is to be built on the lands taken by the occupation authorit |
Existing Situation and Trends of Physical Development
Existing Situation and Trends of Physical Development PDF |
| Hasan Aref Hasan Yaseen |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ali Abdel Hamid - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 165 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study has tackled with Selat Al - Haretheya town in Jenin governorate. Its objective was to studying the physical problems the town is suffering from and the related economical, social and environmental factors, then, studying the available possibilities and chances that could be done to overcome such problems and their reasons, then the development of the town physically, economically and socially. The importance of this study lies in the so urgent need for studying the present situation of the town and limiting its developmental trends and physical planning to keep up with the natural population increase and dealing with the problems and hindrances which are facing the town. The most important of these are environmental problems resulting from the misdistribution and the overlapping of land uses. The importance of this study also lies in dealing with the aspect of beauty of the town, as well as dealing with the enlarging of roads, the elimination of the unstable, deserted buildings and organizing buildings in areas where enlargement is proposed, so that the town and its buildings will enjoy the specifications of strength, organization and beauty. The methodology of this study is based on three axes: 1. Axis one: It’s dealt with the theoretical background through study and revising concepts and theoretical bases about development and physical planning of demographic congregations. 2. Axis two: It’s dealt with the present situation and the geographical, social, economical and physical specifications of the area of study. 3. Analysis and evaluation axis: It was tackled with the analysis of both strength and weakness elements and offered possibilities as well as threat elements the physical planning and the development process of the town facing. Then, some solutions, suggestions which specify the future development trends have been set. They’ll help to overcome the present problems and hindrances. The methodology of the research has been presented in the inclusive, physical field survey of the town through which the present problems have been recognized as well as eliciting reasons and the formatives of these problems, studying and counting the available possibilities to set solutions such as the available area and the possibility of enlarging it, the topography and its fitness for different schemes as well as the different available resources and the possibility of employing them to reach the hoped results . The study has come to a number of results the most important of which are: 1. The closeness of the structural plan and the urgent need to enlarge it so that it’ll be possible to do planning and development acts with out restrictions imposed by the closeness of the area and the unfitness of the place. 2. The absence of law forms a true hindrance infront of any planning process or development even if material possibilities, cadres and efficiencies are available. 3. The town suffers from the shortage of education, health and infrastructure services. 4. The town enjoys a number of points of strength, chances and possibilities, if well – used, they’ll contribute to the solving of many problems, and exceeding a number of complications and the effect the points of weakness and threatening elements. Based on the results the study has reached many matters have been recommended the most important of which are the following: 1. Enlarging the structural plan of the town by the concerned authorities to enlarge buildings, public services so naturally without bothering about threats of destroying such buildings, and also to have so organized enlargement not effected by the lack of available area. 2. The removing of the destroyed buildings in all outskirts and changing their areas into yards, playgrounds and green places. 3. Building more schools and classes to keep up with the ever – increasing numbers of students. The request of constructing high chimneys to reduce the dangers of pollution, if an industrial zone is to be built on the lands taken by the occupation authorit |
Directions of Urban Growth in Dura Region
Directions of Urban Growth in Dura Region PDF |
| Mohammed Fwiad Moustfa Dwdeen |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ali Abd Al – Hameed - الدكتور عزيز الدويــك |
| Discussion Commity |
| 252 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract Due to the absence of the national authority that is concerned in the process of planning and development, the city of Dura and its surrounding region had suffered numerous urban problems like the uncontrolled and random growth, the lack of financial resources, and the weak investment in the infrastructure. This resulted in great need to plan the city within its regional framework and its interaction with the surrounding areas whether the villages belonging to Dura, or other minor urban centers that have strong relations with Dura. those centers are the towns of Dhahriyyeh, Samu, and Idna. The region suffers real urban and planning problem . It lacks modern skeleton plans that regulates the urban development process and puts into perspective the regional and spatial relations between the different parts of the region. This thesis has discussed the directions of the urban development of the Dura region and tried to reach a future vision for its development based on the collected data, statistics, and materials. The major aim of the thesis is to study the existing potential to develop the Dura region that includes the city of Dura, its villages, and the other minor urban centers of the region. The thesis tries to suggest the most suitable method to guide the process of development of the region in order to contribute to finding the suitable solutions for the existing problems and discuss the means to supply the urgent needs for the inhabitants of the region. The thesis has reached several results and recommendations. However the main recommendation was to transform the region of Dura within the suggested borders, into a separate governorate independent of the existing Hebron governorate. The suggested region enjoys great natural and human potential, however in order to achieve this recommendation, all the efforts must be invested in a comprehensive planning process in order to direct and control the trends and directions of the future urban development. This can be explored through the detailed study of the net of regional relations between the city of Dura and the rest of urban centers in the suggested region. |
Determinants of Establishing the Industrial Estates in Nablus Governorate and their Impacts on the Environment, Society and Industrial Education
Determinants of Establishing the Industrial Estates in Nablus Governorate and their Impacts on the Environment, Society and Industrial Education PDF |
| Wa'el Wajeeh Reda AL –Buzz |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ali Abdel Hamid - الدكتور عزيز سالم دويك |
| Discussion Commity |
| 167 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract Nablus, the largest city in Palestine, is the district capital of the north West Bank. It's centrally located within the Palestinian National Authority areas. It's also located on a major traffic artery leading to the Kingdom of Jordan and major population and business centers in the West Bank. Nablus is also considered the business center in the West Bank. Major thoroughfares and roads pass through and near to the city connecting the business, commercial and industrial centers of the Palestinian Authority controlled areas given these advantages, Nablus has attracted a considerable number of industries, both traditional and modern. The city , relatively densely populated and mainly industrial, exports its products to other areas including Jordan. Given its proximity to border crossings in the west and the east. In addition, Nablus is home for a number of academic and vocational institutions which have turned out high quality professionals in a wide range of fields. These institutions have played a leading role in advancing vocational training and education in the region. In the east, the city has an industrial zone which is home for various industries and traditional crafts. The zone has on it Hisham Hijawi College of Technology as well as Nablus Vocational Secondary School. These two institutions supply the industrial sector in the city with technicians and skillful workers. In addition, these institutions provide summer training courses for students. In the city center, there are several light handicraft industries. Given the natural population growth in the city, there has been an increase in the problems facing the development and improvement of these industries. One of these problems in the environmental impact on the population and natural resources. Due to the burgeoning need for these industries and professions, the universities and vocational colleges have contributed to the reinforcement of the industrial sector by supplying it with qualified people and by providing their consultancy services. In the last ten years there has been a remarkable expansion in land uses to make room for horizontal expansion of the industrial sector, thus absorbing surplus work force and reducing rampant unemployment given the political turmoil in Palestine and in Nablus in particular. The academic and vocational institutions have also contributed to raising standard of living. |
Implications of Water Management Policies on
Implications of Water Management Policies on PDF |
| Rawand Bassam Othman Bushnaq |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Prof. Marwan Haddad - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 183 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This research aimed at understanding and describing the impacts of alternative governmental policies on water supply and demand, poverty and income, water quality and water-related eco systems, and food production and food security, on public, and estimating and analyzing water poverty index using various published methods. To accomplish these objectives a field questionnaire and interviews have been developed. The population of the questionnaire was the residents of the West Bank. Interviews were held with persons from West Bank Water Department, Palestinian Water Authority, and Municipalities. The water poverty index was calculated using different approaches, Conventional Composite Index, Holistic, Matrix and WPI Pentagram, Simple Time Analysis, Falkenmark Water Stress. It was found based on results of field survey that the best approach in estimating water poverty index was the Holistic approach, the estimated water poverty index was WPI= 39.5 percent which indicates that the region faces a serious water problem. To analyze the results of the questionnaire, different statistical techniques have been used. These include means, standard deviations, and percentages, one way analysis of variance and Scheffe Post Hoc test, and independent T test. The main findings of the research were: |
Developing a Computer Program for Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Sections; AD RCS
Developing a Computer Program for Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Sections; AD RCS PDF |
| Ibrahim Muhammad Ahmad Mahmood |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Abdul Razaq Touqan - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 298 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract A need for a computer program to analyze and design reinforced concrete sections for both academic education and engineering offices’ services is beyond doubt. Also, a need for having programs in Arabic language to help in communication of engineers graduated from all over the world is becoming increasingly important. This thesis presents a computer program that tries to fulfill previous needs based on ACI code and presented in both Arabic and English languages, and uses local and international units. The computer program; Analysis and Design of Reinforced Concrete Sections; AD RCS; is constructed using Visual Basic 6 programming language. The input and output data are performed using dialog boxes in windows environment. The program has the ability of analyzing reinforced concrete sections of beams, columns and single footings and also design them for flexure, shear, axial and torsion. It also introduces capacity interaction diagrams and section reinforcement details. |
The Phenomenon of Political Violence in the Palestinian Political System
The Phenomenon of Political Violence in the Palestinian Political System PDF |
| Saleh Ahmad Abdel Khaleq Taha |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Basem Ezbidi - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study aims to answer the question concerning the effect of the absence of political integration on political violence in the palestinian political system. To answer this question the study based on the hypothesis which indicates-there is a correlation between the absence of political integration and political violence in Palestine. The approach I used is the analytical descriptive method as this provides tools and procedures to disclose the phenomenon and to pinpoint its clues. Besides, there is a possibility of analysis and detecting reasons that lead to the rise of the phenomenon. In addition, this approach allows us to recommend and put forward suggestion to control the phenomenon and predict its future. The study is divided into four chapters together with an introduction and a summery. The first part deals with the framework of the concept. This enabled me to discuss and analyse the basic concept of the study and disclose the nature of relation among its parts. The concept of political integration and its causes were dealt with in the first part. I also discussed the way it affects and leads to the rise of political violence which is another substantial concept in the study. The second chapter deals with the possibility of detecting and analyzing signs of political violence in Palestine. It was concluded that the phenomenon is a reality in Palestine. There have been many types of violence: official and public. The most frequent political sings are detention, demonstration and riots. |
The Effects of Personal Characteristics on Wage Variation
The Effects of Personal Characteristics on Wage Variation PDF |
| Kalthoum Salami Abdel – Rahman Nasir |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Omar Abdel - Razek - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
ABSTRACT
This study analyzes one of Palestinian labor market subjects, it’s wages, and the effect of special characteristics at the differentials of wages. The study takes by studying and analyzing the data of Central Bureau Of Statistics, by taking a crross sectional data about the third quarter of the year 2000, this is because of this quarter was the most stable and active one. Using the methodology of descriptive and econometrics to see if the wages at Palestine follow the Mincer earnings function or not, then analyze another variables and their effect on wages such as sex, marital status, location and place of work. v The following was the main conclusions: 1- The wages at Palestine labor market follow the Mincer earnings function, this mean that the years of study have apositive effect, and the years of experience have apositive decreasing effect. 2- |
The Judge Ship in the Holy Quranic
The Judge Ship in the Holy Quranic PDF |
| Abdaulhameed Omar Abdaulhameed Abdalwahed |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Khader Sawandak - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 214 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract I started my discussion in part one by defining the term “ALHAKEMYAH” which means magistracy so the reader can feel comfortable about the originality and truth-ness of this expression – linguistically and Islamicaly -, and for he sees that the martyr and scholar “ Sayed Qutup “ did not renew nor create this term. Thereafter, I moved to talk about the circumstances surrounding the life of the pioneer of this term “Sayed Qutup“ so the reader can identify the hardship and corruption of the life, which Sayed Qutup lived under. Even so this did not stop Sayed Qutup creativeness nor influenced his thinking or the intactness of his believes. The second part has included some of his thoughts about ALHAKEMYAH in which the reader can see its importance in the life of Moslems and there believes. The reader can conclude that the erecting of true religion will not be real without the implementation of the ALHAKEMYAH of Allah and the sovereignty of The Islamic Legit. He also would see that the controversy between the Islamists and the regimes is the output of ALHAKEMYAH and to whom it belongs. That brings fears in the eyes of poster regimes that consider it a threat to their magistracy. Differences and fights had erupted because of this. The talk about ALHAKEMYAH by Sayed Qutup as of its relation to Islamic Principle called (AQEEDAH), as a symbol of fight between good and evil, as it belongs to God “ALLAH “ no one else, it became necessary to know the sayings and views of scholars in regards to ALHAKEMYA, some of which agrees, criticized or opposed. These comments and discussions are included in part three. At last, I have spoke of my true opinion of ALHAKEMYAH, and we all see it is an important and genuine part of the Islamic Religion. If it has been feared by some regimes or misunderstood by others such as the group called “Altakfeer Walhegra“ this does not mean to abolish this genuine thought and great principle, but we must hold on to it and do what we can to eliminate and purify it of any suspicions and obscurities. In my conclusion, I mentioned the most important results and findings I have reached and recommendations truly advised. We call upon Allah for mercy and thanks |
”The Quranic Educationin “An-Nour Soura
”The Quranic Educationin “An-Nour Soura PDF |
| Anwar Ahmad Dawoud Eamair |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Helmie Kamel Abd El-Hadie - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 397 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This research includes an introduction and three chapters: The introduction defines the Holy Quran , the topic of this soura and the Quranic education. Besides, it shows the importance of the education vocabulary in the Holy Quran. In the first chapter I explained the rank of ‘An-nour Soura’ its descent, order and the atomosphere of its descent in addition to its subjects, aims and its basic content. Then I explained how it is important for building up agood muslim individual, bringing up Muslim family and making needed Muslim community.In the second chapter I showed, through verses of this soura, the distinguished Quranic education which is comprehensive for all different sides and components of man : spiritual, moral, pschological, physical, sexual, and mental. These aspects have been treated in acomplete and abalanced way in addition to its concern in man’s needs of economy, security, Jihad, politics, beauty and environment. In the third chapter I indicated the most important features of educational curriculum in the Holy Quran taken from this soura: first, the educational methods such as counseling, practical, preventive, and medical. Then, the educational means such as mosque, house (family) and community. After that, the educational characteristics such as inclusion, balance, reality, positivity, humanity, easiness and rationality. Finally I pointed to the most important educational bases taken from this soura hoping that preachers and educators will make use of them during their work mainly their variety in methods, repetition in education, being aware of individual differences , preparation and continuity. May God Guie Us To His Right Path. |
Contract Agreement in the Islamic Fiqeh
Contract Agreement in the Islamic Fiqeh PDF |
| Ziad Shafiq Hasan Qrarya |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Hasan Sa'ad Awad Khader - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 189 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract In this study, the researcher deals with rules of contract agreement in the Islamic Fiqeh, and a comparative study with what has been stated in the civil law especially with those laws depending on the Islamic Fiqeh as it is the case of the Jordanian Civil Law. This study includes an introduction, five chapters and a conclusion. The study clarifies the facts and the reality of contract agreement in the Islamic Fiqeh and law. And so as to be plainly defined, the researcher pointed out its distinctiveness, compared it with similar contract agreements and clarified its chief characteristics which make it appears as an independent contract agreement. This study clarifies the importance of contract agreement and its effect in activating the economic cycle, its conditions and implications with their religious evidence from the Kuran, Al-Sunnah and logic. Then the researcher started to explore the elements of the contract agreement which are: the statement, both contractors, and the thing that contracted upon. The researcher also mentioned the reasons in order to cover the legal dimension in his research with an explanation for each element of these points. The researcher prefers to talk about the effects of the contract agreement through indication to the contractor and employer commitment. And in the last chapter, the researcher handles the causes of abolishing the contract agreement in both Al-Sharee'ah rules and law. An index of the Kuranic verses, prophetic traditions, biographies of the famous figures, references and sources is added at the end of this study. |
Markedness Theory as it Relates to Word Order in Translation between English and Arabic
Markedness Theory as it Relates to Word Order in Translation between English and Arabic PDF |
| Ibrahim Mohammed Salem Battat |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Nabil Alawi - |
| Discussion Commity |
| Dr. Nabil Alawi, Chairman Dr. Ahmed Atawneh, External MemberDr. Ruqayia Herzallah, Internal Member Dr. Odeh Odeh, Internal Member |
| 161 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study deals with the problem of markedness in translation between English and Arabic. The two languages differ in word order and in the relative degree of freedom in word order because Arabic is an inflectional language. Such differences create problems to translators between the two languages. A sequence in one language may not have the same meaning of a sequence in the other language although both sequences have identical word order. The Arabic sentence المعلمُ مسحَ اللوحً does not mean “The teacher cleaned the board,” although both sentences have identical word order. The English translation does not account for the marked meaning signalled in the Arabic sentence by bringing the agent to front position before the verb. The problem of accounting for markedness in translation is approached at the sentence level between Classical Arabic and Modern Standard English. The unmarked (canonical) word order and the marked word order in Arabic are approached and justified in terms of the theory of the strength of the activity of agency in Arabic. This study also includes ways of signalling emphasis and markedness in Arabic. A distinction is made between information structure and syntactic structure of English in terms of the Hallidayan approach and the functional sentence perspective of the Prague School. Marked word order in English is approached in terms of the degree a component has on the scale of communicative dynamism. A distinction between correct and incorrect word orders in English is made in terms of phrase structure rules. This study includes recommendations for researchers to study other factors that affect word order in English and Arabic. |
Al- Ema’ 'Ind Al-Usolyeen
Al- Ema’ 'Ind Al-Usolyeen PDF |
| Yousri Mohammad. Abed Alqader Al-Hawamdh |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Hasan Khader - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 200 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract Praise be to God, lord of the universe and prayers and peace be upon his Messenger Mohammad, the most honored among people. This dissertation entitled: "Insinuation According to fundamentalist Authorities" (AL-Ema' 'Ind AL-Usolyeen) is presented in fulhllment of the requirements of the master degree. The dissertation is divided into (5) chapters: (1) Introduction entitled Measurement and the path of the problem. Chapter (2) "The meaning of insinuation", Chapter (3) Kinds of Insinuation, Chapter (4) Comparison between insinuation and relevant/similar paths. Fundamental ancient as well as modern books were used as references in this dissertation. Moreover, language books, Fiqh, prophet tradition and books of interpretation were used. The conclusion included the main results which include the following: 1- The Science of Osool is essential for the researcher in the field of Shari'a Sciences. 2- Insinuation is considered as one of the paths of inductions and revealing the excuses of Shari'a judgements (rules). 3- Insinuation as one genre of the "word's" correlated meaning. 4- |
A new Source of Fresh Green Feed (Hydroponic Barley)
A new Source of Fresh Green Feed (Hydroponic Barley) PDF |
| Intissar Fayez Adel Eshtayeh |
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| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Jamal Abu Omar - |
| Discussion Commity |
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| 51 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This research was conducted to investigate the performance of lactating Awassi ewes when fed the hydroponic barley (HB). HB is fresh forage cultivated without soil or nutrients as fertilizers in part of the experiment and cultivated with raw olive cake as a media in the other. Barley seeds utilized in the research were cultivated in special trays for germination. At one part barley seeds were placed in these trays alone while in the other parts half of the barley seeds were placed on a thin layer of olive cake as a media for germination. For the performance study a total of 20 lactating Awassi ewes were used. The research was based on five feeding groups. In the first ewes were fed a barley basal ration. In the second and third groups, HB was incorporated in rations at levels of 15 and 25%. In the fourth and fifth groups HBOC was fed to ewes at levels of 15 and 25%. The experimental forage was used to replace concentrated feed and part of barley that used in the ration of the control ewes. Milk production and milk components were monitored in this research. Body weight change, health problems, fertility and twin percent were also investigated. Results of the research showed that HB alone and with OC (HBOC) had various effects on most of the tested parameters. The HB and HBOC mass produced were 10 and 12 kg/ tray. Milk yield and milk total solids were the highest (P<0.05)> |
Information Economies in Palestine Reality and Prospects
Information Economies in Palestine Reality and Prospects PDF |
| Baker Yaseen Mohammed Shtayyah |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Mahmood Abu-Alrub - |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
This study aims at pointing at a research sight can be described by new in the Arab aria in general and the Palestinian in specific. Where it throws light in what is known worldly information –based economy, which the study dealt with throw seeing the worldly special literature. The study lighted on the Palestinian knowledge –based society structure, which can be considered the original base, and the row material of the information based economies. The researcher built cluster showed the Palestinian primitive knowledge, which starts from the family passing the educational sector, the movement of the educational research and the technical development reaching the invention on which the worldly new economics based on. By studying the international literature which is used for limiting and measuring the size of information activities, a Palestinian suggested classification could be made throw which the information economics divided on its base in tow primitive information sector and the other its secondary. The primary information sector includes the information activities which produces value added and it includes all the workers in the establishments which produces or affords services with knowledgeable content, and these activities can be divided in to four main groups: The activities of producing knowledge, the activities of preparing knowledge, the activities of the main structures of knowledge. The secondary information sector includes the internal information activities which doesn’t curry the market price and doesn’t produce value added, and it concerns all the workers in all other sectors, and the economic activities like agriculture, industry and services and they work in activities with knowledgeable content. |
The Use of Organic Farming to Conserve Barley in Palestine
The Use of Organic Farming to Conserve Barley in Palestine PDF |
| Ja'far Abed Al Kareem Dawoud Salahat |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Hassan Abu Qauod - د. نعمان مزيد/ مشرف ثاني |
| Discussion Commity |
| صفحة |
| Abstract : |
The Use of Organic Farming to Conserve Barley in Palestine Prepared By Ja'far Abed Al Kareem Dawuod Salahat Supervisor Dr. Hassan Abu QauodAbstract The effect of different levels of organic fertilizer levels and conventional chemical fertilizer on the production of three barley varieties was studied. The experiment was conducted during the season 2000 / 2001. Four levels of organic manufacture fertilizer (Shaham) (0, 150, 300, 450 kg \ dunum) were use Three barley varieties (Rum, Ryhan and Iba). The factorial treatment (varieties * fertilizers) were arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replicate for each treatment. the experiment was conducted at Tayaseer area near Jenin. Soil samples were taken before and after conduction of the experiment. The total Yield, grain yield, straw yield, plant length , spike length with and without awns and the weight of 1000 seed were measured. Seed samples were taken from each treatment for further chemical analysis. The results showed that the organic fertilizer increased significantly the total weight , grain weight and the straw weight for the three varieties however Rum variety exhibited significantly higher production than the other varieties. Plant length and spike length were not significantly affected by the organic fertilizer treatments however the weight of 1000 seed significantly decreased with
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Narration in Elyas Khouri’ Novel Bab e-Shamss
Narration in Elyas Khouri’ Novel Bab e-Shamss PDF |
| Amal Ahmad Abid Al-Lateef Ahmad |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Professor Adel el-Ostah - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 276 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract This study debates a world novelist, perhaps one of the most important figures in Arabic fiction. He is Elyas Khouri. The study dwells on the levels of intertextuality in his novel Bab e-Shams published in 1998. According to some critics, this work was a qualitative leap in fiction writing. Khouri himself considered it the most significant turning point in the history of his fiction writing. The intertextuality phenomenon in Bab e-Shams was not studied before although several scholars and critics have written about Khouri’s works. To hold intertextuality comparisons in Bab e-Shams, the researcher depended on intertextuality method, making active use of western critical studies, which "proselytized"for this intertextuality term, and Arab scholars’ works on this term such as those of Sa’id Yaqteen in Infitah a-Nuss e-Riwa’i: Enuss w-Siyaq, Mohammed Moftah in Tahlil al-Khitab a-Shi’ri: Istratijeyat Ettanass. This was in addition to reader response theories. Against this background, the researcher concluded by reading the intratextuality, intertextuality and externaltextuality, in Bab e-Shams, through identification of the extent of other texts’ presence or absence in the narrative text. To this end, the researcher searched for the original sources and the role they played in formation of meaning inside the novel and the extent of the writer’s benefit from them, thus helping us, in the end, to dwell on the influence of anxiety which motivated the writer to practice these narrative interrelationships. This study included, in addition to an introduction, three chapters and a conclusion. In the introduction, the researcher justified her choice of intertextuality in Bab e-Shams in addition to definition of intertextuality approach and the contents of the study. In chapter one, the researcher examined intratextuality, i.e. the link of the writer’s Bab e-Shams with his other novels. This was, however, restricted to stylistic intertextuality with the writer’s other novels in which the style seemed similar to some extent in terms of overlapping of narratives and repetition, style of negation and similarity between the narrator and the novelist, multi-narrators and narrative playing, splitting of self and overlapping of intertextuality pronouns. In chapter two, the researcher tackled intertextuality, i.e. the link of the novel with contemporary texts from Arabic and world literature and history. Given the plethora of these intertextuality models, the researcher highlighted the most prominent, whether in the body of the text or in its memory-in absent texts. At the level of literary intertextuality, chapter two included intertextuality with Paula as a model of world novel and intertextuality with A’id Ila Haifa as a representative of the Arab novel. In modern Arabic poetry, the researcher examined intertextuality in Mahmoud Darwish, and Al-Akhtal a-Saghir; she also examined intertextuality in Jan Jeane’s memoirs Aseer Ashiq and Araba’ Sa’at in Shatila. Concerning intertextuality in non-literary text (historical and documentary texts), the researcher depended on Amnon Kapliuk’s Tahqiq Hawla Majzara. In the last chapter, the researcher examined external intertextuality, i.e., the link of the novel with other texts which belonged to the distant past. The chapter included mythical intertextuality. The Odyssey was taken as a representative work, the religious intertextuality (Islamic and New Testament) and intertextuality in ancient Arabic poetry. Representatives were Imru’ el-Qais, al-Mutanabi, Abu Tamam, and Majnoon Laila. Intertextuality in folkloric narrative texts was represented by Alf Lailah w-Lailah (one Thousand and One Night). For intertextuality with drama, the researcher used Shakespeare’s Hamlet. In the conclusion, the researcher summed up the results of her study, the justifications for employing intertextuality between the novel and other examined texts. |
Numerical Methods for Solving Elliptic
Numerical Methods for Solving Elliptic PDF |
| Mithqal Ghalib Yousef Naji |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Samir Matar - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 130 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Abstract Elliptic Partial Differential Equations of second order have been studied using some numerical methods. This type of differential equations has specific applications in physical and engineering models. In most applications, first- order and second-order formulas are used for the derivatives. In this work higher order formulas such as: seven-points and nine-points formulas are used. Using these formulas will transform the partial differential equation into finite difference equations. To solve the resulting finite difference equations the following iterative methods have been used: Jacobi method, Gauss-Seidel method, Successive Over- Relaxation method (SOR) and Multigrid method. In this thesis, we found that multigrid methods are the most efficient among all other methods. The execution time for multigrid methods is of order three while the other methods is of order five. |
Audit for Tax Purposes
Audit for Tax Purposes PDF |
| Mohammad Mahmoud Theeb Husu |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Hassan Falah Alhaj Mosa - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 248 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Audit for Tax Purposes Prepared by Mohammad Mahmoud Theeb Husu Supervised by Dr. Hassan Falah Alhaj Mosa Abstract This research has been conducted to assure the importance of achieving Systematic Audit Approach. This can be achieved through studying the structural relationship between the Tax Systems and the Standards of different audit activities practiced currently in the economic units in Palestine. The researcher has studied many literary writings related to audit and tax sciences in order to achieve his goal in establishing an active auditing system. He used the analytical reading approach in addition to analyzing system, making good use of his practical experience as an auditor in one hand and manager for more than one in Tax Departments in the Ministry of Finance in Palestine on the other hand. The study results have shown that the success in managing Tax Units, stopping evasion and the falsification of accounts, do not lie only in punishing means written in Tax Laws or Professional Standards Institutions, but it lies in the well organized Tax Administration. The study recommends the following: 1) The necessity of hasting the endorsement of suggested Palestine Income Tax and the serious thinking in changing the V.A.T law in a way that suits the specialties of Palestinian economic condition . 2) Harmonization between Tax Legislation and PSCPA in order to find lawful articles to punish those who work illegally. 3) The Tax Legislation should take care into accounts the principle of segregation of duties in tax process to ensure the neutrality and cleanliness in work, and applying the principle of accountability. The Tax Administration should adopt the principle of historical reconciliation between the Palestinian traders and the tax responsibles in order to remove the bad effects of the occupation. |
Harnessing The Hereditary Udai Ibn Zaid Al-Abaddi’and Ummaya Ibn Abi e-salt e-Thaqafi’s Poetry
Harnessing The Hereditary Udai Ibn Zaid Al-Abaddi’and Ummaya Ibn Abi e-salt e-Thaqafi’s Poetry PDF |
| Sana Ahmed Saleem Abdullah |
| Supervisor(s) |
| Dr. Ehsan El-Deek - |
| Discussion Commity |
| 459 صفحة |
| Abstract : |
Harnessing The Hereditary Udai Ibn Zaid Al-Abaddi’s and Ummaya Ibn Abi e-Salt e-Thaqafi’s Poetry BySana Ahmed Saleem Abdullah Supervisor Dr. Ehsan El-DeekAbstract This study dwelt on the traditional. The importance of studying the traditional stems from its significant impact on society”, and human, religious, historical and literary ideology, for any development in any society needs appropriate effective, well-developed, cultural and social foundations which meet needs of people. The study, in addition to a preface and an intorudtion, had seven chapters and highlighted its significance in the past and at present. The researcher came to the conclusion that the interest in and scientific study of the traditional has a significant impact on poets’ minds and psyches as well as their education, thus reflecting all that in their poetry. Chapter one was devoted to the poets’ presence in both time and place. Each one represented a different environment, a different religion and culture. They interacted with them and liven the events of their eras and employed the traditional in an impressive fashion. In chapter two, the researcher surveyed the sources of the traditional in the pre-Islamic era as both poets had “durnk” from the same spring. The researcher dwelt on the environment and its impact on the Arab mentality, the ancient religious thought, the wonders of the Arabs and the historical events. |
Difficulties Encountering Palestinian Worki in the Public Sector in Northern West Bank ng Women
Difficulties Encountering Palestinian Worki in the Public Sector in Northern West Bank ng Women PDF
Dina Fahmi Khaled Jaber Supervisor(s) Dr. Abed Mohammad Assaf - Discussion Commity 168 صفحة Abstract : Abstract
This study aimed at identifying the degree of difficulties facing the Palestinian working women in the public sector in the northern West Bank governorates: Nablus, Jenin, Tulkarm, Tobas, Qalqilya and Salfit. The domains of difficulties were social, administrative, political and legal. In addition, this study sought to find out the impact of several variables (ministry, marital status, place of work, number of children, place of residence, academic achievement, motivation for work, governorate, years of work and monthly income) on difficulties facing Palestinian working women in the public sector as perceived by the women themselves.
The population of the study included all public sector women employees in the northern West Bank in 2005-2006. The total number of these employees was 10,660 distributed among the Palestinian ministries in the governorates concerned. The sample of the study, randomly chosen, totaled 746 women employees or 7% of total population. Of the total number of the sample, 550 or 74% responded to the questionnaire. The coefficient value of the total degree, according to Cronbach Alpha, was 0.93.
For data collection, the researcher developed a 50-item questionnaire all dwelling on difficulties facing Palestinian working women in the public sector. The validity and reliability of the instrument were tested and found to be acceptable. Fourteen items of the questionnaire addressed family and social difficulties; 12 items dwelt on political difficulties; 12 items tackled administrative difficulties and the last 12 items dealt with legal difficulties. Furthermore, the questionnaire contained a domain consisting of 15 factors affecting the woman's work: family, society, superiors, colleagues, subordinates, laws, legislations, and roadblocks. These factors aimed at finding out the degree of their impact on her work in terms of being an impediment or a hindrance of her development professionally. The lowest rating given was zero (%). The highest rating was 10%. The questionnaire also included an open-ended question focusing on other difficulties.
For statistical analysis or processing, the researcher used the following: frequencies, arithmetic means, standard deviations, percentages, One Way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), Multi-Way Analysis of Variance, Wilk's Lambda, to compare among the study's dependent variables, Sidak's test, Scheffe's test and LSD test for comparisons.